# Words that inflect singular->plural normally # but which are ambiguous when inflected plural->singular... # (e.g. "axes"-->"ax" vs "axes"-->"axe" vs "axes"-->"axis") # [These need to be at the start so the rest of the inflections defer to them] # [The first form in each group is always preferred] agendum => | agenda agend => agends | agenda axe => axes ax => axes bacterium => bacteria bacteria => bacteriae base => bases basis => bases blue => blues blues => blues breech => breeches breeches => breeches clippers => clippers clipper => clippers co => coes coe => coes coney => coneys | conies cony => conys | conies doe => does do => dos ellipse => ellipses ellipsis => ellipses fro => froes froe => froes genie => genies | genii genius => geniuses | genii glass => glasses glasses => glasses graffiti => graffiti graffito => graffiti heroon => heroa heroum => heroa hoe => hoes ho => hoes joe => joes jo => joes mew => mews mews => mews moe => moes mo => moes monsignore => | monsignori monsignor => monsignors | monsignori pant => pants pants => pants penny => pennies | pence pence => pence pincer => pincers pincers => pincers po => poes poe => poes shears => shears shear => shears shorts => shorts short => shorts so => soes soe => soes *staff => *staffs | *staves *stave => *staves syringe => syringes syrinx => syrinxes | syringes testes => testes testis => testes toe => toes to => toes tongs => tongs tong => tongs yo => yoes yoe => yoes # Singular words ending in "-s" with irregular inflexions... Atlas => | Atlantes atlas => atlases | atlantes editio princeps => | editiones principes eros => eroses | erotes gens => | gentes maecenas => maecenases | maecenates mons => | montes Nenets => Nenets | Nentsi paries => | parietes potestas => | potestates proferens => | proferentes secans => | secantes starets => | startsy triens => | trientes venus => venuses | veneres yes => yeses | # Latin imports ending in "-us" that classically inflect to "-era"... *genus => | *genera glomus => | glomera opus => opuses | opera # Classical should be "opera", but it's ambiguous viscus => | viscera # Compound words (mostly imported) that inflect irregularly (for English)... agent provocateur => | agents provocateurs aide-de-camp => | aides-de-camp ale-wife => ale-wives | alto-relievo => alto-relievos | amicus curiae => | amici curiae anti-serum => anti-serums | anti-sera auto-de-fe => auto-de-fes | autos-de-fes beau geste => beau gestes | beaux gestes bel homme => | beaux hommes bel-esprit => | beaux esprits belle epoque => belle epoques | belles epoques bon mot => bon mots | bons mots bon vivant => bon vivants | bons vivants bona fides => | bonis fidebus break-away => break-aways | breaks-away brother-german => brothers-german | brethren-german caffe macchiato => caffe macchiatos | caffe macchiati caffe ristretto => caffe ristrettos | caffe ristretti camera obscura => camera obscuras | camerae obscurae carte-de-visite => | cartes-de-visite casus belli => | casus belli cheval-de-bataille => | chevaux-de-bataille collegium musicum => | collegia musica concerto grosso => | concerti grossi corpus vile => | corpora vilia coup d'etat => | coups d'etat court martial => court-martials | courts martial crafts-child => | crafts-childer cri de coeur => | cris de coeur cul-de-four => | culs-de-four cul-de-lampe => | culs-de-lampe cul-de-sac => | culs-de-sac editio princeps => | editiones principes ens rationis => | entia rationis ens reale => | entia realia entente cordiale => | ententes cordiales fait accompli => | faits accomplis felo-de-se => felos-de-se | felones-de-se fidei defensor => | fidei defensores finger-end => finger-ends | fingers-ends flag-staff => flag-staffs | flag-staves franc-archer => franc-archers | francs-archers fundamentum divisionis => | fundamenta divisionis fungo porcino => | funghi porchini guardia civil => | guardias civiles hapax legomenon => hapax legomenons | hapax legomena hemi-elytrum => | hemi-elytra idee fixe => | idees fixes infima species => | infimae species ipse dixit => | ipse dixits lex humana => | leges humanae line-out => line-outs | lines-out lord-lieutenant => lord-lieutenants | lords-lieutenant low-life => low-lifes magnum opus => magnum opuses | magna opera malum in se => | mala in se man-child => men-children | man-midwife => men-midwives | man-milliner => man-milliners | men-milliners man-servant => | men-servants mater lectionis => | matres lectionis matinee musicale => | matinees musicales menage a quatre => | menages a quatre menage a trois => | menages a trois messa di voce => | messe di voce mezzo-rilievo => | mezzo-rilievos miles gloriosus => | milites gloriosi milieu interieur => | milieux interieurs monstre sacre => | monstres sacres musee imaginaire => | musees imaginaires musique concrete => | musiques concretes naya paisa => | naye paise non-ens => | nonentia nouveau pauvre => nouvelle pauvre | nouveaux pauvres nouveau riche => nouvelle riche | nouveaux riches nouvel arrive => | nouveaux arrives novus homo => | novi homines opus magnum => | opera magna parc ferme => | parcs fermes pied a terre => | pieds a terre pied noir => | pieds noirs pina colada => pina coladas | pinas coladas plurale tantum => | pluralia tantum pomme de terre => | pommes de terre port de bras => | ports de bras port-a-beul => | puirt-a-beul portrait parle => | portraits parles premier danseur => | premiers danseurs prima ballerina => prima ballerinas | prime ballerine prima donna => prima donnas | prime donne punto blanco => puntos blancos | punti blanchi rara avis => rara avises | rarae aves rite de passage => | rites de passage rond de jambe => rond de jambes | ronds de jambes route nationale => | routes nationales ruse de guerre => | ruses de guerre sanctum sanctorum => | sancta sanctorum scandalum magnatum => | scandala magnatum set-off => set-offs | sets-off set-out => set-outs | sets-out set-to => set-tos | sets-to star-fish => star-fishes | star-fish studium generale => | studia generali suggestio falsi => | suggestiones falsi summum bonum => | summa bona summum genus => | summa genera sum-total => sum-totals | sums-total terrae filius => | terrae filii tete-a-tete => tete-a-tetes | tortilla espanola => | tortillas espanolas tour de force => | tours de force uomo universale => | uomini universali varia lectio => | variae lectiones vers libre => | vers libres washer-up => washers-up | white staff => white staves | woman-child => women-children | woman-servant => women-servants | # Other words with irregular inflexions... alan => alans | alani atman => atmas | bajocco => | bajocchi bandit => bandits | banditti bersagliere => | bersaglieri blin => blinis | blini blouse => blouses | brachiopod => brachiopods | brachiopoda branchiopod => branchiopods | branchiopoda breakaway => breakaways | breaksaway brother-german => brothers-german | brethren-german calzone => calzones | calzoni capo => capos | capi caryatid => caryatids | caryatides chervonetz => | chervontzi cony => conys | conies court-martial => court-martials | courts-martial curioso => curiosos | curiosi devoto => devotos | devoti die => dice | dies divertimento => divertimentos | divertimenti fedai => fedais | fedai ganglion => ganglions | ganglia giuncus => | giunchi glutaeus => glutei | glutaei gluteus => glutei | glutaei graffiti => graffiti | graffito => graffiti | hamadryad => hamadrayads | hamadryades hetaera => hetaerae | hetairai hetaira => hetaerae | hetairai hinaki => | hinaki ixodid => | ixodides jerry => jerries | Jerry => Jerrys | kovsh => | kovshi kuvasz => | kuvaszok laika => | laiki Lapith => Lapiths | Lapithae leu => | lei likuta => | makuta maestro => maestros | maestri mare => mares | maria mary => maries | Mary => Marys | matzah => matzahs | matzot modello => modellos | modelli money => monies | monseigneur => monsiegneurs | messeigneurs mousetrap => mousetraps | micetraps nagaika => nagaikas | nagaiki niello => niellos | nielli occiput => occiputs | occipita octopus => octopuses | # Not correct, but widely used octopus => | octopi # Not correct either, and rarely used octopus => | octopodes onager => onagers | onagri otomi => otomies | otomi pecten => pectens | pectines penni => | pennia *person => *people | *persons plankter => plankton | platypus => platypuses | platypodes ploshchadka => | ploshchadki pul => puls | puli rezidentsia => | rezidentsii ricercar => ricercars | ricercari ritardando => ritardandos | ritardandi Rom => Roma | Romany => Romanies | rubashka => rubashkas | rubashki scirrhus => scirrhusses | scirrhi scomber => scombri | sforzato => sforzatos | sforzati siglos => sigli | sigloi ski => skis | solfeggio => solfeggios | solfeggi squadrist => squadrists | squadristi staretz => | startzy starosta => | starosti stoa => stoas | stoai storey => storeys | tolkach => | tolkachi trilby => trilbys | udarnik => | udarniki valuta => valute | valuten zloty => zlotys | zloty # Units that don't inflect... *hertz => *hertz *lux => *lux *siemens => *siemens # Currencies that don't inflect... kobo => kobo ngwee => ngwee quid => quid thebe => thebe # Miscellaneous words that inflect normally (but classically don't inflect at all)... djinn => djinns | djinn Galla => Gallas | Galla graben => grabens | graben lis => lisses | lis listeria => listerias | listeria loa => loas | loa lox => loxes | lox microfiche => microfiches | microfiche Otomi => Otomies | Otomi poise => poises | poise Purum => Purums | Purum rad => rads | rad rem => rems | rem shifta => shiftas | shifta torma => tormas | torma veg => veges | veg # Words of Old English or Germanic origin that classically inflect to "-en" or "-ne"... anlage => anlages | anlagen auslese => ausleses | auslesen autobahn => autobahns | autobahnen *brother => *brothers | *brethren *child => | *children *cow => *cows | *kine erf => erfs | erven knopper => knoppers | knoppern konditorei => konditorei | konditoreien manchild => | menchildren ox => | oxen --ox => | --oxen romanze => | romanzen terp => terps | terpen vlakte => vlaktes | vlakten womanchild => | womenchildren # German imports that retain their native -en plurals... Auslese => Auslesen beerenauslese => beerenauslesen bursch => burschen geisteswissenschaft => geisteswissenschaften herr => herren lebensform => lebensformen *mensch => *menschen Spaetlese => Spaetlesen trockenbeerenauslese => trockenbeerenauslesen umwelt => umwelten vorstellung => vorstellungen # Russian imports that classically inflect natively... apparatchik => apparatchiks | apparatchiki ispravnik => ispravniks | ispravniki subbotnik => subbotniks | subbotniki # Words ending in unvoiced fricatives that classically inflect to voiced... beef => beefs | beeves *elf => | *elves *hoof => *hoofs | *hooves *knife => | *knives *leaf => | *leaves *life => | *lives *loaf => | *loaves *shelf => | *shelves *thief => | *thieves turf => turfs | turves wharf => wharfs | wharves *wife => | *wives *wolf => | *wolves # Words whose suffixes are normally ablaut, but not in these words... ataman => atamans Bahaman => Bahamans Burman => Burmans caiman => caimans cayman => caymans ceriman => cerimans crowfoot => crowfoots desman => desmans dolman => dolmans fanfoot => fanfoots farman => farmans flatfoot => flatfoots German => Germans harman => harmans hetman => hetmans Hiroshiman => Hiroshimans *human => *humans leman => lemans Liman => Limans lowlife => lowlifes mongoose => mongooses Nakayaman => Nakayamans Norman => Normans Oklahoman => Oklahomans ottoman => ottomans Panaman => Panamans Roman => Romans sabertooth => sabertooths Selman => Selmans shaman => shamans Sonaman => Sonamans switchfoot => switchfoots Tacoman => Tacomans talisman => talismans talouse => talouses tenderfoot => tenderfoots Yakiman => Yakimans Yokohaman => Yokohamans Yuman => Yumans # Words whose suffixes are ablaut, but not classically... yarraman => yarramen | yarramans dragoman => dragomen | dragomans # Words with non-ablaut plurals, but ablaut postfixes accomplice => accomplices # Words with ablaut plurals... *foot => *feet *goose => *geese *louse => *lice *man => *men manservant => *menservants *mouse => *mice *tooth => *teeth # Words ending in "-z" and "-ze" that don't double the "z" for the plural... batz => batzes blitz => blitzes chintz => chintzes coz => cozes kibitz => kibitzes quartz => quartzes snooze => snoozes topaz => topazes waltz => waltzes # Words whose plurals end in "-zzes" but whose singulars end in "-zz"... *buzz => *buzzes *fizz => *fizzes *frizz => *frizzes *fuzz => *fuzzes *jazz => *jazzes muzz => *muzzes razz => *razzes sizz => *sizzes zizz => *zizzes # Greek imports ending in "-x" that classically inflect to "-kes" larnax => | larnakes kylix => kylixes | kylikes # Greek imports ending in "-os" that always inflect to "-oi" kantharos => kantharoi kernos => kernoi kouros => kouroi mythos => mythoi phallos => phalloi pharmakos => pharmakoi pithos => pithoi stichos => stichoi strategos => strategoi thalamos => thalamoi tholos => tholoi topos => topoi # Greek imports ending in "-s" that classically inflect to "-des" absis => | absides aphis => | aphides apsis => | apsides aspis => | aspides caryopsis => | caryopsides chrysalis => chrysalises | chrysalides cinclis => | cinclides clitoris => clitorises | clitorides cuspis => | cuspides dipsas => | dipsades ephelis => | ephelides ephemeris => ephemerises | ephemerides epididymis => epididymises | epididymides iris => irises | irides meliceris => | melicerides meris => | merides monas => | monades monorchis => | monorchides oxyuris => | oxyurides parapsis => | parapsides pes => | pedes pholas => | pholades *proboscis => *proboscises | *proboscides proglottis => | proglottides pycnis => | pycnides pyralis => | pyralides pyramis => | pyramides tropis => | tropides vasculitis => vasculitises | vasculitides # Greek imports ending in "-es" that classically inflect to "-ites" fomes => | fomites limes => | limites satelles => | satellites stipes => | stipites termes => | termites # Greek imports ending in "-a" that classically inflect to "-ata" acroama => | acroamata anathema => anathemas | anathemata angioma => | angiomata astrocytoma => astrocytomas | astrocytomata *bema => *bemas | *bemata blastema => | blastemata bregma => | bregmata carcinoma => carcinomas | carcinomata cathisma => | cathismata cementoma => | cementomata charisma => charismas | charismata chromonema => | chromonemata cystoma => | cystomata desma => desmas | desmata diastema => | diastemata diploma => diplomas | diplomata dogma => dogmas | dogmata *drama => *dramas | *dramata *edema => *edemas | *edemata emblema => | emblememata embryoma => | embryomata endothelioma => | endotheliomata enema => enemas | enemata enigma => enigmas | enigmata epithelioma => | epitheliomata exanthema => | exanthemata fibroma => | fibromata glioma => | gliomata gliosarcoma => | gliosarcomata gumma => gummas | gummata haemangioma => haemangiomas | haemangiomata hemangeioma => hemangeiomas | hemangeiomata hemangioma => hemangiomas | hemangiomata hypoderma => | hypodermata *lemma => *lemmas | *lemmata leproma => lepromas | lepromata lipoma => | lipomata loma => | lomata lymphangioma => | lymphangiomata lymphoma => lymphomas | lymphomata magma => magmas | magmata malagma => | malagmata medulloblastoma => medulloblastomas | medulloblastomata melanoma => melanomas | melanomata melisma => melismas | melismata meningioma => meningiomas | meningiomata mesothelioma => mesotheliomas | mesotheliomata miasma => miasmas | miasmata mycoplasma => mycoplasmas | mycoplasmata myeloma => myelomas | myelomata myxoma => | myxomata neuma => neumas | neumata neurinoma => neurinomas | neurinomata neuroma => | neuromata noema => | noemata nomisma => | nomismata nucleolonema => nucleolonemas | nucleolonemata oedema => oedemas | oedemata osteoclastoma => osteoclastomas | osteoclastomata osteoma => | osteomata papilloma => | papillomata paraganglioma => paragangliomas | paragangliomata parenchyma => | parenchymata phragma => | phragmata phyma => | phymata plasmoma => | plasmomata pragma => pragmas | pragmata programma => | programmata progymnasma => | progymnasmata protonema => | protonemata psammoma => | psammomata pseudostoma => | pseudostomata pteroma => | pteromata regma => | regmata rhinophyma => rhinophymas | rhinophymata rhizoma => rhizomas | rhizomata *sarcoma => *sarcomas | *sarcomata schema => schemas | schemata schisma => | schismata scotoma => scotomas | scotomata sema => semas | semata soma => somas | somata sperma => | spermata stemma => | stemmata sterigma => | sterigmata stigma => stigmas | stigmata *stoma => *stomas | *stomata stroma => | stromata symplasma => | symplasmata syntagma => syntagmas | syntagmata syphiloma => | syphilomata tagma => | tagmata teratoma => | teratomata thema => | themata toxoplasma => | toxoplasmata trauma => traumas | traumata treponema => | treponemata trichoma => | trichomata tuberculoma => tuberculomas | tuberculomata xanthoma => xanthomas | xanthomata zygoma => zygomas | zygomata # Latin imports ending in "-a" that classically inflect to "-ae"... abscissa => abscissas | abscissae acicula => | aciculae actinia => actinias | actiniae agape => agapes | agapae agora => | agorae ala => | alae alga => | algae alula => | alulae alumna => | alumnae amoeba => amoebas | amoebae amphora => | amphorae angustia => | angustiae anta => | antae antenna => antennas | antennae areola => | areolae arista => | aristae arrha => | arrhae asterias => | asteriae aurora => auroras | aurorae axilla => | axillae ballista => ballistas | ballistae basilica => basilicas | basilicae blemya => | blemyae bulla => | bullae bursa => | bursae cavea => | caveae celia => | celiae chaeta => | chaetae chlamydia => chlamydias | chlamydiae choana => | choanae chorda => | chordae clausula => | clausulae clavula => | clavulae clepsydra => clepsydras | clepsydrae coelia => | coeliae columna => | columnae coma => | comae comatula => | comatulae conferva => | confervae corona => coronas | coronae costa => | costae crista => | cristae crusta => | crustae cyphella => | cyphellae differentia => | differentiae diporpa => | diporpae ephemera => ephemeras | ephemerae fabella => | fabellae faecula => | faeculae familia => | familiae fascia => fascias | fasciae fauna => faunas | faunae favella => | favellae favissa => | favissae fecula => | feculae fenestra => | fenestrae fibra => | fibrae fibrilla => | fibrillae fibula => fibulas | fibulae filaria => filarias | filariae flora => floras | florae formula => formulas | formulae fossa => | fossae gemma => | gemmae gena => | genae globigerina => | globigerinae gorgonia => gorgonias | gorgoniae granula => | granulae hemera => | hemerae hernia => hernias | herniae holothuria => holothurias | holothuriae hydra => hydras | hydrae hydria => | hydriae hyperbola => hyperbolas | hyperbolae hypha => | hyphae indigena => | indigenae insula => | insulae intermaxilla => | intermaxillae lacinia => | laciniae lacuna => lacunas | lacunae lamella => | lamellae lamina => | laminae lapith => lapiths | lapithae legionella => | legionellae leishmania => leishmanias | leishmaniae leptospira => | leptospirae linea => | lineae lingula => | lingulae listerella => listerellas | listerellae lyssa => | lyssae macula => maculas | maculae maxilla => | maxillae medusa => medusas | medusae melastoma => melastomas | melastomae meta => | metae miliola => | miliolae mimosa => mimosas | mimosae minutia => minutias | minutiae monota => | monotae multigravida => multigravidas | multigravidae musa => musas | musae mya => myas | myae mycorhiza => mycorhizas | mycorhizae mycorrhiza => mycorrhizas | mycorrhizae naumachia => naumachias | naumachiae nebula => nebulas | nebulae nerita => neritas | neritae neurula => | neurulae noctiluca => | noctilucae *nova => *novas | *novae noxa => | noxae nubecula => | nubeculae nympha => | nymphae pala => | palae palea => | paleae palpebra => | palpebrae panorpa => | panorpae papilla => | papillae papula => | papulae parabola => parabolas | parabolae paraglossa => | paraglossae parapleura => parapleura paraselene => | paraselenae pasteurella => pasteurellas | pasteurellae patera => | paterae paxilla => | paxillae pecia => pecias | peciae pedicellaria => | pedicellariae pelta => | peltae peninsula => peninsulas | peninsulae persona => personas | personae phlegmasia => | phlegmasiae phoca => phocas | phocae phyle => | phylae phyllobranchia => | phyllobranchiae pinna => pinnas | pinnae piscina => piscinas | piscinae planula => | planulae plasmalemma => plasmalemmas | plasmalemmae pleura => pleura | plica => | plicae prepenna => | prepennae primigravida => | primigravidae procoelia => | procoeliae prora => | prorae prosa => | prosae proscolla => | proscollae proseucha => | proseuchae prosula => | prosulae protoma => protomas | protomae pteryla => | pterylae pupa => | pupae pyla => | pylae pyrena => | pyrenae pyrexia => | pyrexiae redia => | rediae retinula => | retinulae rotula => | rotulae ruga => | rugae salpa => salpas | salpae sarcina => | sarcinae sarissa => | sarissae saxicava => | saxicavae scapula => scapulas | scapulae scoria => scorias | scoriae secundagravida => secundagravidas | secundagravidae secundigravida => secundigravidas | secundigravidae secundipara => secundiparas | secundiparae semuncia => | semunciae sententia => | sententiae sequela => | sequelae serpula => | serpulae serra => | serrae sertularia => sertularias | sertulariae seta => | setae siliqua => | siliquae simia => | simiae situla => situlas | situlae spatha => | spathae spermatheca => | spermathecae squama => | squamae squilla => | squillae stalactite => stalactites | stalactitae statera => | staterae statua => statuas | statuae stela => stelas | stelae stella => | stellae sternebra => | sternebrae stigmaria => | stigmariae stipula => stipulas | stipulae stria => | striae striga => | strigae striola => | striolae strobila => | strobilae struma => | strumae stryddag => | stryddae succinea => succineas | succineae summa => | summae supernova => supernovas | supernovae suprascapula => | suprascapulae synaesthesia => | synaesthesiae synapticula => synapticulas | synechia => | synechiae synesthesia => | synesthesiae synusia => | synusiae tabella => | tabellae tabula => | tabulae taenia => taenias | taeniae talea => | taleae tegula => | tegulae tenia => tenias | teniae terebratula => terebratulas | terebratulae tessella => tessellas | tessellae tessera => | tesserae theca => | thecae tibia => | tibiae tipula => | tipulae torula => | torulae trabea => | trabeae trabecula => | trabeculae trachea => | tracheae trichina => trichine | trichinae *umbra => *umbras | *umbrae uncia => | unciae usnea => usneas | usneae utricularia => | utriculariae uva => | uvae vagina => vaginas | vaginae vaginula => | vaginulae vallecula => | valleculae valvula => | valvulae vena => | venae verruca => | verrucae vertebra => | vertebrae vesicula => | vesiculae virga => | virgae vitta => | vittae vomica => vomicas | vomicae zoaea => | zoaeae zoea => zoeas | zoeae zooea => | zooeae # Latin imports ending in "-men" that classically inflect to "-mina"... abdomen => abdomens | abdomina foramen => foramens | foramina gravamen => | gravamina legumen => legumens | legumina *lumen => *lumens | *lumina molimen => | molimina numen => | numina representamen => representamens | representamina stamen => stamen | stamina tegmen => | tegmina tentamen => | tentamina velamen => | velamina # Miscellaneous Latin imports that retain classical inflections... centumvir => | centumviri corpus => corpuses | corpora duumvir => duumvirs | duumviri femur => femurs | femora lemur => lemurs | lemures septemvir => | septemviri triumvir => triumvirs | triumviri # Latin imports ending in "-um" that classically inflect to "-a"... abomasum => | abomasa abortorium => | abortoria abstractum => | abstracta addendum => addendums | addenda adminiculum => | adminicula adytum => | adyta aecidium => | aecidia agendum => | agenda alluvium => alluviums | alluvia ambulacrum => | ambulacra amentum => | amenta anthodium => | anthodia antiserum => | antisera antrum => | antra apothecium => | apothecia appressorium => | appressoria apterium => | apteria aquarium => aquariums | aquaria arboretum => | arboreta arcanum => | arcana archegonium => | archegonia arcosolium => | arcosolia argumentum => | argumenta ascidium => | ascidia asylum => asylums | asyla avicularium => | avicularia axopodium => | axopodia baculum => | bacula bacterium => | bacteria bifolium => | bifolia caecum => | caeca calamistrum => | calamistra candelabrum => | candelabra castrum => | castra cecidium => | cecidia chromidium => | chromidia claustrum => | claustra cleithrum => | cleithra clostridium => | clostridia coagulum => | coagula coccidium => | coccidia collegium => | collegia columbarium => | columbaria compendium => compendiums | compendia confluvium => | confluvia conidium => | conidia consortium => consortiums | consortia contagium => | contagia contrafactum => | contrafacta corpusculum => | corpuscula corrigendum => | corrigenda credendum => | credenda cranium => craniums | crania craspedum => | craspeda cubiculum => | cubicula curriculum => curriculums | curricula cystidium => | cystidia *datum => | *data decennium => | decennia delirium => deliriums | deliria denotatum => | denotata dentalium => | dentalia depositum => depositums | deposita descriptum => | descripta desideratum => | desiderata designatum => | designata dichasium => | dichasia dictum => dictums | dicta diverticulum => | diverticula dolphinarium => dolphinariums | dolphinaria emporium => emporiums | emporia enconium => enconiums | enconia epicardium => | epicardia equinoctium => equinoctiums | equinoctia equisetum => equisetums | equiseta ergastulum => | ergastula erratum => | errata exemplum => | exempla explanandum => | explananda explicandum => | explicanda extremum => extremums | extrema faciendum => | facienda flabellum => | flabella flagellum => | flagella forum => forums | fora fraenum => | fraena frustulum => | frustula frustum => frustums | frusta fulcrum => | fulcra gametangium => | gametangia germarium => | germaria glochidium => | glochidia gonangium => | gonangia gonidium => | gonidia gonimium => | gonimia gubernaculum => | gubernacula gymnasium => gymnasiums | gymnasia halteridium => | halteridia haustellum => | haustella haustorium => | haustoria haustrum => | haustra hemelytrum => | hemelytra honorarium => honorariums | honoraria hordeolum => | hordeola hormogonium => | hormogonia hymenium => | hymenia hymnarium => | hymnaria hypnum => hypnums | hypna idolum => | idola ilium => | ilia improperium => | improperia indicium => | indicia individuum => individuums | individua indumentum => | indumenta indusium => | indusia inhalatorium => | inhalatoria inoculum => | inocula interambulacrum => | interambulacra intermedium => | intermedia internodium => | internodia interregnum => interregnums | interregna interstitium => interstitiums | interstitia intervallum => intervallums | intervalla involucrum => | involucra ischium => | ischia isidium => | isidia judicatum => | judicata jugum => | juga labrum => | labra leprosarium => | leprosaria ligamentum => | ligamenta lixivium => | lixivia lomentum => | lomenta lorum => | lora lustrum => lustrums | lustra manubrium => manubriums | manubria mausoleum => mausoleums | mausolea maximum => maximums | maxima mediastinum => | mediastina medium => mediums | media megatherium => | megatheria memorandum => memorandums | memoranda mesothelium => | mesothelia millennium => millenniums | millennia minimum => minimums | minima miracidium => | miracidia mithraeum => | mithraea momentum => momentums | momenta monochasium => | monochasia moratorium => moratoriums | moratoria mortarium => | mortaria municipium => | municipia nemathecium => | nemathecia nephridium => | nephridia nodum => | noda oceanarium => | oceanaria odeum => | odea olfactorium => | olfactoria omentum => | omenta ommatidium => | ommatidia operculum => | opercula optimum => optimums | optima opusculum => | opuscula osculum => | oscula osmaterium => | osmateria osmeterium => | osmeteria ossiculum => | ossicula ostium => | ostia ovarium => | ovaria ovulum => | ovula ovum => | ova palladium => | palladia pallium => | pallia parapleurum => | parapleura patagium => | patagia pediluvium => | pediluvia pendulum => pendulums | pendula perceptum => | percepta peridium => | peridia perithecium => | perithecia peronium => | peronia phalangium => | phalangia phylum => phylums | phyla phyogemmarium => | phyogemmaria pinetum => pinetums | pineta pistillidium => | pistillidia placitum => | placita plasmodium => | plasmodia plasmolyticum => | plasmolytica plectrum => | plectra plenarium => | plenaria pleurum => | pleura poculum => | pocula podetium => | podetia podium => podiums | podia pollinarium => | pollinaria pollinium => | pollinia polythecium => | polythecia portiforium => | portiforia postulatum => | postulata praecognitum => | praecognita precognitum => | precognita primordium => | primordia principium => | principia profluvium => | profluvia progymnasium => | progymnasia prolabium => | prolabia propodium => | propodia proprium => | propria propylaeum => | propylaea proscenium => | proscenia prosopium => | prosopia prothallium => | prothallia pseudopodium => | pseudopodia psydracium => | psydracia pulmonarium => | pulmonaria pulsellum => | pulsella punctum => | puncta pycnidium => | pycnidia pycnium => | pycnia pyxidium => | pyxidia quaesitum => | quaesita quantum => quantums | quanta quinquennium => | quinquennia referendum => referendums | referenda refugium => | refugia relatum => | relata replum => | repla residuum => residuums | residua responsum => | responsa retinaculum => | retinacula rhopalium => | rhopalia rhynchodaeum => | rhynchodaea rostrum => rostrums | rostra sacellum => | sacella sacrarium => | sacraria sacrum => sacrums | sacra sagum => | saga salivarium => | salivaria sanatorium => sanatoriums | sanatoria schistosomulum => | schistosomula scholium => | scholia scolopidium => | scolopidia scriptorium => scriptoriums | scriptoria scutellum => | scutella scutulum => | scutula scutum => | scuta seaquarium => | seaquaria secretum => | secreta seminium => | seminia sensedatum => | sensedata sensillum => | sensilla sensoriolum => | sensoriola sensum => | sensa septarium => | septaria septum => | septa sequestrum => | sequestra sericterium => | sericteria serum => serums | sera sestertium => | sestertia signum => | signa simpulum => | simpula simulacrum => simulacrums | simulacra sistrum => sistrums | sistra solarium => | solaria solenium => | solenia solstitium => | solstitia soralium => | soralia soredium => | soredia spectrum => spectrums | spectra speculum => speculums | specula spermarium => | spermaria spermatium => | spermatia spermogonium => | spermogonia sphagnum => sphagnums | sphagna spiculum => | spicula spiraculum => | spiracula spirillum => | spirilla sporodochium => | sporodochia sputum => | sputa stabilimentum => | stabilimenta stadium => stadiums | stadia staminidium => | staminidia sternum => sternums | sterna stichidium => | stichidia stillicidium => | stillicidia stomatium => | stomatia *stratum => *stratums | *strata striatum => | striata stylopodium => | stylopodia subsellium => | subsellia subsidium => | subsidia substratum => substratums | substrata suggestum => suggestums | suggesta supercilium => | supercilia superstratum => | superstrata suppositum => | supposita supracleithrum => | supracleithra sustentaculum => | sustentacula syllabarium => | syllabaria sympodium => | sympodia symposium => symposiums | symposia synangium => | synangia synapticulum => | synapticula synaxarium => | synaxaria syncytium => | syncytia syndendrium => | syndendria synedrium => | synedria tablinum => | tablina tegmentum => | tegmenta telium => | telia tenaculum => | tenacula tentaculum => | tentacula tepidarium => | tepidaria terebellum => | terebella tergum => | terga terrarium => terrariums | terraria territorium => | territoria tetrasporangium => | tetrasporangia thanatorium => | thanatoria thelycum => | thelyca thyridium => | thyridia tintinnabulum => | tintinnabula tomium => | tomia toxicum => | toxica tractellum => | tractella trapezium => trapeziums | trapezia trichidium => | trichidia triclinium => | triclinia triforium => | triforia triplum => | tripla tropaeolum => tropaeolums | tropaeola tuberculum => | tubercula tympanum => | tympana ultimatum => ultimatums | ultimata uredinium => | uredinia uredium => | uredia urodaeum => | urodaea urodeum => | urodea vacuum => vacuums | vacua vasculum => vasculums | vascula vehiculum => | vehicula velarium => | velaria velum => velums | vela vestigium => | vestigia viaticum => | viatica vibraculum => | vibracula vinculum => | vincula vitellarium => | vitellaria vivarium => vivariums | vivaria vomitorium => vomitoriums | vomitoria zoarium => | zoaria zooecium => | zooecia zoosporangium => | zoosporangia zygantrum => | zygantra # Latin imports ending in "-us" that classically inflect to "-i" abaculus => | abaculi abomasus => | abomasi acarus => | acari acinus => | acini aculeus => | aculei alumnus => | alumni alveolus => | alveoli aptychus => | aptychi aureus => | aurei *bacillus => | *bacilli bronchus => | bronchi bulimus => | bulimi cactus => cactuses | cacti caduceus => | caducei calathus => | calathi canaliculus => | canaliculi cantharus => | canthari cardophagus => | cardophagi cercus => | cerci cistophorus => | cistophorori cladus => | cladi conductus => | conducti congius => | congii convolvulus => convolvuluses | convolvuli cultellus => | cultelli cumulus => | cumuli cuniculus => | cuniculi cyathus => | cyathi cynocephalus => | cynocephali cysticercus => | cysticerci denarius => | denarii diplococcus => | diplococci entrochus => | entrochi esophagus => | esophagi eucalyptus => eucalyptuses | eucalypti exencephalus => | exencephali famulus => | famuli fasciculus => | fasciculi faveolus => | faveoli flocculus => | flocculi floccus => | flocci focus => focuses | foci fucus => | fuci funambulus => | funambuli fungus => funguses | fungi gastrocnemius => | gastrocnemii gladiolus => gladioluses | gladioli guttus => | gutti gymnotus => | gymnoti gyrus => | gyri hamulus => | hamuli hippocampus => | hippocampi hippopotamus => hippopotamuses | hippopotami humerus => | humeri ichthyosaurus => | ichthyosauri incubus => incubuses | incubi interradius => | interradii isthmus => isthmuses | isthmi lactobacillus => | lactobacilli lemniscus => | lemnisci lentiscus => | lentisci limulus => | limuli lithodomus => | lithodomi lobulus => | lobuli lochus => | lochi loculus => | loculi locus => | loci lumbricus => | lumbrici macacus => | macaci magilus => | magili magus => | magi malleolus => | malleoli malleus => | mallei megalosaurus => | megalosauri meniscus => | menisci metatarsus => | metatarsi microcephalus => | microcephali micrococcus => | micrococci micronucleus => | micronuclei modernus => | moderni modius => | modii modulus => moduluses | moduli modus => moduses | modi nasutus => | nasuti nauplius => | nauplii nautilus => nautiluses | nautili nidus => niduses | nidi nimbus => nimbuses | nimbi nodus => | nodi nucleolus => nucleoluses | nucleoli *nucleus => | *nuclei nucleus => nucleuses | nuclei nuntius => | nuntii obelus => | obeli obolus => | oboli ocellus => | ocelli oculus => | oculi ophiophagus => | ophiophagi palpus => | palpi palus => | pali papyrus => papyruses | papyri parabolanus => | parabolani paranucleus => | paranuclei penicillus => | penicilli perradius => | perradii phallus => phalluses | phalli pileus => | pilei pilus => | pili plesiosaurus => | plesiosauri pluteus => | plutei postnatus => | postnati prodromus => | prodromi propositus => | propositi protarsus => | protarsi prothallus => | prothalli protococcus => | protococci pteropus => | pteropi pullus => | pulli pyrophorus => | pyrophori quinarius => | quinarii radius => radiuses | radii ramulus => | ramuli ramus => | rami ranunculus => ranunculuses | ranunculi rectus => | recti regulus => | reguli rhomboideus => | rhomboidei rhythmus => | rhythmi sacculus => | sacculi sarcophagus => | sarcophagi scalenus => | scaleni scapus => | scapi scarabaeus => | scarabaei scarus => | scari sciolus => | scioli scyphus => | scyphi senarius => | senarii septenarius => | septenarii silenus => | sileni Silurus => | Siluri siphunculus => | siphunculi sipunculus => | sipunculi solvus => | solvi sorus => | sori sparus => | spari spasmus => | spasmi spondylus => | spondyli squalus => | squali staphylococcus => | staphylococci stimulus => | stimuli strategus => | strategi streptococcus => | streptococci strobilus => | strobili stylus => styluses | styli succubus => succubuses | succubi succus => | succi sulcus => | sulci surculus => | surculi syllabus => syllabuses | syllabi syncellus => | syncelli synthronus => | synthroni syrphus => | syrphi talus => | tali tarsus => | tarsi terminus => terminuses | termini thalamus => | thalami thaumaturgus => | thaumaturgi thesaurus => thesauruses | thesauri tholus => | tholi thymus => | thymi thyrsus => | thyrsi tornus => | torni torulus => | toruli torus => toruses | tori toxius => | toxii tragus => | tragi trapezius => | trapezii triradius => | triradii trochus => trochuses | trochi tubulus => | tubuli tumulus => | tumuli umbilicus => umbilicuses | umbilici uncinus => | uncini uncus => | unci uraeus => | uraei uredosorus => | uredosori urus => uruses | uri uterus => uteruses | uteri vagus => | vagi vermiculus => | vermiculi versiculus => | versiculi verticillus => | verticilli villus => | villi xiphopagus => | xiphopagi xystus => | xysti zoophorus => | zoophori zophorus => | zophori # Latin imports ending in "-is" that classically inflect to "-es"... axis => | axes caulis => | caules didymis => | didymes follis => | folles interaxis => | interaxes pelvis => pelvises | pelves penis => penises | penes phototaxis => | phototaxes postpubis => | postpubes proavis => | proaves synaxis => | synaxes syntaxis => | syntaxes syrtis => | syrtes taxis => | taxes tenuis => | tenues testis => | testes unguis => | ungues # Latin imports ending in "-us" that classically don't inflect... apparatus => apparatuses | apparatus cantus => cantuses | cantus coitus => coituses | coitus hiatus => hiatuses | hiatus ignoramus => ignoramuses | ignoramus impetus => impetuses | impetus jacobus => jacobuses | jacobus meatus => meatuses | meatus nexus => nexuses | nexus plexus => plexuses | plexus prospectus => prospectuses | prospectus sinus => sinuses | sinus status => statuses | status virus => viruses | # Not correct, but occasionally (mis)used virus => | viri # Even less defensible, and widely (mis)used virus => | virii # Greek imports ending in "-on" that classically inflect to "-a"... anacoluthon => anacoluthons | anacolutha anthemion => | anthemia aphelion => | aphelia asyndeton => | asyndeta craspedon => | craspeda criterion => | criteria enteron => | entera epilimnion => | epilimnia epimeron => | epimera epiphenomenon => | epiphenomena epyllion => | epyllia euporiston => | euporista ganglion => ganglions | ganglia hapteron => | haptera *hedron => *hedrons | *hedra *helion => *helions | *helia hydraulicon => | hydraulica hyperbaton => | hyperbata hypolimnion => | hypolimnia idolon => | idola interphenomenon => | interphenomena *legomenon => | *legomena lepton => | lepta lithophyton => | lithophyta logion => | logia metalimnion => | metalimnia metapleuron => | metapleura microbion => | microbia mitochondrion => | mitochondria mixolimnion => | mixolimnia monimolimnion => | monimolimnia monosyllabon => | monosyllaba monoxylon => | monoxyla noumenon => | noumena octohedron => octohedrons | octohedra organon => | organa oxybaphon => | oxybapha oxymoron => oxymorons | oxymora paraganglion => | paraganglia parergon => | parerga parhelion => parhelions | parhelia parison => | parisa pedion => | pedia perikaryon => | perikarya *phenomenon => | *phenomena pleuron => | pleura podion => | podia porion => | poria prokaryon => | prokarya prolegomenon => | prolegomena propleuron => | propleura propylon => propylons | propyla prosencephalon => | prosencephala prosodiencephalon => | prosodiencephala prototypon => prototypons | prototypa protypon => | protypa pyramidion => pyramidions | pyramidia rhododendron => rhododendrons | rhododendra rhombohedron => rhombohedrons | rhombohedra spermatoon => | spermatoa stasimon => stasimons | stasima stephanion => stephanions | stephania stomion => | stomia synaxarion => | synaxaria synedrion => | synedria taxon => | taxa tetracolon => | tetracola tetragrammaton => | tetragrammata tetrahedron => tetrahedrons | tetrahedra tetrapleuron => tetrapleurons | tetrapleura theologoumenon => | theologoumena thymiaterion => | thymiateria trapezohedron => trapezohedrons | trapezohedra troparion => | troparia xiphiplastron => | xiphiplastra xiphoplastron => | xiphoplastra xoanon => | xoana zygon => | zyga # Spanish imports that classically inflect as in Spanish... cargador => | cargadores furfur => | furfures parador => paradors | paradores temblor => | temblores carmen => carmens | carmina # Italian imports that (mostly) inflect classically to "-i" albergo => | alberghi allargando => | allargandi amoretto => | amoretti amorino => | amorini ballabile => | ballabili bozzetto => | bozzetti carabiniere => | carabinieri cassone => cassones | cassoni castrato => | castrati centesimo => | centesimi chitarrone => | chitarroni cognoscente => | cognoscenti concetto => | concetti condottiere => | condottieri confetto => | confetti conoscente => | conoscenti contadino => | contadini conversazione => conversaziones | conversazioni cornetto => | cornetti corno => | corni dilettante => dilettantes | dilettanti evirato => | evirati figurante => figurantes | figuranti frate => | frati graffito => | graffiti grano => | grani grissino => | grissini improvisatrice => | improvisatrici libretto => librettos | libretti mafioso => | mafiosi modelletto => | modelletti mondo => | mondi moroso => | morosi moscardino => | moscardini motoscafo => | motoscafi ovolo => | ovoli paparrazo => | paparrazi pastorale => pastorales | pastorali pensiero => | pensieri pifferaro => | pifferari podere => | poderi porcino => | porcini putto => | putti ragazzo => | ragazzi ricordo => | ricordi rione => | rioni saffo => | saffi sbirro => | sbirri scudo => | scudi scungille => | scungilli sestiere => | sestieri sgraffiato => | sgraffiati soldo => | soldi stornello => | stornelli strambotto => | strambotti tarantato => | tarantati tempietto => | tempietti tenorino => | tenorini terzetto => | terzetti tombarolo => | tombaroli tondo => | tondi Tornese => | Tornesi trullo => | trulli uomo => | uomini vetturino => | vetturini viale => | viali villino => | villini volcanello => | volcanelli zeppole => | zeppoli zingano => | zingani # Italian imports ending in "-a" that classically inflect to "-e" ancona => | ancone autostrada => autostradas | autostrade ballata => | ballate ballerina => ballerinas | ballerine bruschetta => | bruschette canzonetta => canzonettas | canzonette contadina => | contadine crazia => | crazie fermata => fermatas | fermate fioritura => | fioriture frottola => | frottole granita => | granite lasagna => lasagnas | lasagne loggia => loggias | loggie mafiosa => | mafiose mantelletta => | mantellette maremma => | maremme mortadella => mortadellas | mortadelle paisa => paisas | paise pietra => | pietre pizza => pizzas | pizze ragazza => | ragazze ricercata => | ricercate scuola => | scuole squadra => | squadre tarantata => | tarantate tazza => | tazze terramara => | terremare trattoria => trattorias | trattorie vila => vilas | vile villanella => | villanelle violetta => | violette zadruga => zadrugas | zadruge zitella => | zitelle zucca => | zucche zuppa => | zuppe # Italian imports that retain their classical inflection to "-i" alto => altos | alti basso => bassos | bassi biscotto => | biscotti contralto => contraltos | contralti glissando => glissandos | glissandi panino => | panini piano => pianos | piani solo => solos | soli soprano => sopranos | soprani tempo => tempos | tempi vaporetto => vaporettos | vaporetti virtuoso => virtuosos | virtuosi # Words ending in '-oe' which are ambiguous in the plural... coe => coes hoe => hoes joe => joes moe => moes toe => toes # Italian and Spanish imports, abbreviations, and other words ending in "-o" # that always inflect to "-os" ado => ados aficionado => aficionados aggro => aggros albino => albinos allegro => allegros altorelievo => altorelievos ammo => ammos Antananarivo => Antananarivos armadillo => armadillos auto => autos aviso => avisos avocado => avocados Bamako => Bamakos Barquisimeto => Barquisimetos bimbo => bimbos bingo => bingos Biro => Biros bolero => boleros Bolzano => Bolzanos Boto => Botos burro => burros Cairo => Cairos calypso => calypsos canto => cantos cappuccino => cappuccinos casino => casinos cello => cellos | celli centavo => centavos Chicago => Chicagos Chimango => Chimangos cilantro => cilantros cochito => cochitos coco => cocos Colombo => Colombos Colorado => Colorados commando => commandos concertino => concertinos condo => condos contango => contangos credo => credos crescendo => crescendos cyano => cyanos demo => demos ditto => dittos Draco => Dracos dynamo => dynamos embryo => embryos Esperanto => Esperantos espresso => espressos euro => euros falsetto => falsettos Faro => Faros fiasco => fiascos Filipino => Filipinos flamenco => flamencos furioso => furiosos generalissimo => generalissimos Gestapo => Gestapos ghetto => ghettos gigolo => gigolos gizmo => gizmos Greensboro => Greensboros gringo => gringos Guaiabero => Guaiaberos guano => guanos gumbo => gumbos gyro => gyros hairdo => hairdos hippo => hippos Idaho => Idahos impetigo => impetigos inferno => infernos info => infos intaglio => intaglios intermezzo => intermezzos intertrigo => intertrigos Iquico => Iquicos jalapeno => jalapenos jumbo => jumbos junto => juntos Kakapo => Kakapos kilo => kilos kimono => kimonos Kinkimavo => Kinkimavos Kokako => Kokakos Kosovo => Kosovos Lesotho => Lesothos Lemko => Lemkos libero => liberos libido => libidos lido => lidos Lilo => Lilos limbo => limbos limo => limos lineno => linenos lingo => lingos lino => linos livedo => livedos loco => locos logo => logos lumbago => lumbagos macho => machos macro => macros mafioso => mafiosos magneto => magnetos magnifico => magnificos Majuro => Majuros Malabo => Malabos manifesto => manifestos Maputo => Maputos Maracaibo => Maracaibos memo => memos metro => metros Mexico => Mexicos micro => micros Milano => Milanos Monaco => Monacos mono => monos Montenegro => Montenegros Morocco => Moroccos Muqdisho => Muqdishos mustachio => mustachios myo => myos neutrino => neutrinos Ningbo => Ningbos octavo => octavos oregano => oreganos Orinoco => Orinocos Orlando => Orlandos Oslo => Oslos oto => otos panto => pantos Paramaribo => Paramaribos Pardusco => Parduscos pedalo => pedalos peso => pesos photo => photos pimento => pimentos pinto => pintos pleco => plecos Pluto => Plutos pogo => pogos polo => polos poncho => ponchos Porto => Portos Porto-Novo => Porto-Novos pro => pros pseduo => pseudos psycho => psychos pueblo => pueblos quarto => quartos Quito => Quitos rhino => rhinos rilievo => rilievos risotto => risottos rococo => rococos rondo => rondos Sacramento => Sacramentos saddo => saddos sago => sagos salvo => salvos Santiago => Santiagos Sapporo => Sapporos Sarajevo => Sarajevos scherzando => scherzandos scherzo => scherzos silo => silos sirocco => siroccos sombrero => sombreros staccato => staccatos sterno => sternos stucco => stuccos stylo => stylos sumo => sumos surimono => surimonos Taiko => Taikos techno => technos terrazzo => terrazzos testudo => testudos timpano => timpanos tiro => tiros tobacco => tobaccos todo => todos Togo => Togos Tokyo => Tokyos torero => toreros Torino => Torinos Toronto => Torontos torso => torsos tremolo => tremolos two => twos typo => typos tyro => tyros vaquero => vaqueros vermicello => vermicellos verso => versos vibrato => vibratos violoncello => violoncellos Virgo => Virgos weirdo => weirdos Yamoussoukro => Yamoussoukros yo-yo => yo-yos zero => zeros Zibo => Zibos # Words ending in "-o" that may inflect to "-os" or "-oes"... adviso => | advisoes ambuscado => ambuscados | ambuscadoes arango => | arangoes archipelago => archipelagos | archipelagoes barrico => | barricoes bilbo => | bilboes bongo => bongos | bongoes bravo => bravos | bravoes bubo => | buboes busto => bustos | bustoes go => | goes grotto => grottos | grottoes guglio => guglios | guglioes hero => | heroes mango => mangos | mangoes medico => medicos | medicoes memento => mementos | mementoes motto => mottos | mottoes pengo => pengo | pengoes pingo => pingos | pingoes placebo => placebos | placeboes po => pos | poes politico => politicos | politicoes portico => porticos | porticoes potato => | potatoes proviso => provisos | provisoes sambo => sambos | samboes stiletto => | stilettoes tango => tangos | tangoes tomato => | tomatoes volcano => volcanos | volcanoes waldo => waldos | waldoes # Words ending in '-os' that inflect to '-ossa' or '-ora' os => ossa | ora # Words ending in "-ch" that inflect to "-chs" (instead of "-ches")... bath => baths Czech => Czechs eunuch => eunuchs math => maths mouth => mouths oath => oaths path => paths stomach => stomachs wreath => wreaths # Greek imports (via Latin or Spanish) ending in "-o(n)" that classically inflect to "-nes"... agon => | agones ambo => ambos | ambones autochthon => autochthons | autochthones axon => axons | axones bodegon => | bodegones cardo => | cardines felo => | felones imago => imagos | imagines lentigo => | lentigines mucro => mucros | mucrones Pangasinan => Pangasinans | Pangasinanes pernio => | perniones phren => | phrenes porron => porrons | porrones reductio => | reductiones rejon => | rejones serpigo => serpigoes | serpigines somaten => | somatenes stolo => | stolones telamon => | telamones teredo => teredos | teredines thraso => thrasoes | thrasones turron => turrons | turrones umbo => umbos | umbones unio => unios | uniones ustilago => | ustilagines vibrio => vibrios | vibriones # Greek imports (via Latin) ending in "-x" that classically inflect to "-ges"... phalanx => phalanxes | phalanges remex => remexes | remiges larynx => | larynges sphinx => sphinxes | sphinges # Latin or Greek imports ending in "-x" that classically inflect to "-ces"... apex => apexes | apices appendix => appendixes | appendices auspex => | auspices calix => | calices carex => | carices caudex => | caudices cicatrix => | cicatrices cimex => | cimices codex => | codices cortex => cortexes | cortices coxendix => | coxendices directrix => | directrices extispex => | extispices falx => | falces hallux => | halluces haruspex => | haruspices *helix => | *helices imbrex => | imbrices index => indexes | indices latex => latexes | latices limax => | limaces mediatrix => | mediatrices meretrix => | meretrices murex => murexes | murices nectocalyx => | nectocalyces oratrix => | oratrices pinax => | pinaces pneumothorax => pneumothoraxes | pneumothoraces pollex => | pollices pontifex => pontifexes | pontifices prosecutrix => | prosecutrices pulveratrix => | pulveratrices quadratrix => | quadratrices radix => radixes | radices scolex => | scoleces separatrix => | separatrices silex => | silices simplex => simplexes | simplices spadix => spadixes | spadices streptothrix => | streptothrices suffrutex => | suffrutices thorax => thoraxes | thoraces tortrix => | tortrices tractatrix => | tractatrices tractrix => | tractrices varix => | varices vertex => vertexes | vertices vibex => | vibices vortex => vortexes | vortices # Arabic imports ending in "-t" that classically inflect to "-ti"... afrit => afrits | afriti afreet => afreets | afreeti efreet => efreets | efreeti sent => | senti # Hebrew imports that classically inflect by adding "-im"... Asherah => Asherahs | Asherim baal => baals | baalim cherub => cherubs | cherubim gaon => gaons | gaonim goy => goys | goyim kibbutz => kibbutzes | kibbutzim meshumad => | meshumadim meshummad => | meshummadim minyan => | minyanim parnas => | parnassim parnass => | parnassim seraph => seraphs | seraphim sheqel => sheqels | sheqalim shochet => | shochetim ulpan => | ulpanim zuz => zuzzes | zuzim # Pairs or groups subsumed to a singular that don't inflect... britches => britches clippers => clippers gallows => gallows headquarters => headquarters herpes => herpes hijinks => hijinks innings => innings offspring => offspring pajamas => pajamas pants => pants pincers => pincers pliers => pliers proceedings => proceedings pyjamas => pyjamas scissors => scissors shears => shears shorts => shorts testes => testes tongs => tongs trousers => trousers # Inuktitut imports ending in "-uk" that always inflect to "-uit"... inuk => inuit inukshuk => inukshuit # French imports ending in "-u" that classically inflect to "-ux"... aboiteau => aboiteaus | aboiteaux bandeau => | bandeaux bateau => | bateaux beau => beaus | beaux bijou => | bijoux bordereau => | bordereaux bureau => bureaus | bureaux chapeau => | chapeaux chateau => | chateaux cheval => | chevaux chou => | choux fabliau => | fabliaux fricandeau => | fricandeaux jeu => | jeux maquereau => | maquereaux morceau => | morceaux plateau => plateaus | plateaux portmanteau => portmanteaus | portmanteaux tableau => tableaus | tableaux tonneau => tonneaus | tonneaux trousseau => trousseaus | trousseaux trumeau => | trumeaux voeu => | voeux # (Mainly) French or Latin imports ending in "-s" that (mostly) don't inflect... chassis => | chassis contretemps => | contretemps corps => | corps debris => | debris glacis => glacises | glacis haggis => | haggis louis => | louis planctus => | planctus precis => | precis sedes => | sedes superficies => | superficies # French imports ending in "-u" that inflect to "-us" menu => menus parvenu => parvenus # French imports ending in "-oix" that don't inflect abatvoix => abatvoix # French imports ending in "-ieu" that inflect to "-ieus" or "-ieux" adieu => adieus | adieux lieu => lieus | lieux milieu => milieus | milieux purlieu => purlieus | purlieux # French imports ending in "-eau" that inflect to "-eaus" or "-eaux" bandeau => bandeaus | bandeaux bateau => bateaus | bateaux beau => beaus | beaux bureau => bureaus | bureaux chapeau => chapeaus | chapeaux chateau => chateaus | chateaux jambeau => jambeaus | jambeaux manteau => manteaus | manteaux plateau => plateaus | plateaux politbureau => politbureaus | politbureaux portmanteau => portmanteaus | portmanteaux rideau => rideaus | rideaux rondeau => rondeaus | rondeaux tableau => tableaus | tableaux tonneau => tonneaus | tonneaux trousseau => trousseaus | trousseaux # Names of diseases that don't inflect... diabetes => diabetes *measles => *measles mumps => mumps *pox => *pox rabies => rabies # Miscellaneous words ending with "-s" that don't inflect... corps => corps jackanapes => jackanapes leptomonas => leptomonas news => news res => res schizostylis => schizostylis series => series species => species # Words that pluralize with '-es' instead of '-s' i => ies SMS => SMSes # Herd/cluster lifeforms that classically don't inflect... *bass => *basses | *bass bison => bisons | bison bream => | bream buffalo => buffalos | buffalo caribou => caribous | caribou carp => | carp cod => | cod dace => daces | dace *deer => | *deer eland => elands | eland elk => elks | elk *fish => *fishes | *fish flounder => | flounder *fowl => *fowls | *fowl grouse => grouses | grouse haddock => haddocks | haddock hake => hakes | hake halibut => halibuts | halibut herring => herrings | herring mackerel => mackerels | mackerel moose => | moose pickerel => pickerels | pickerel pike => pikes | pike rhinoceros => rhinoceroses | rhinoceros roe => roes | roe salmon => | salmon seed => seeds | seed shad => shads | shad *sheep => | *sheep snipe => snipes | snipe starfish => starfishes | starfish swine => swine | swines teal => teals | teal trout => | trout tuna => | tuna turbot => turbots | turbot whiting => | whiting *wildebeest => *wildebeests | *wildebeest zucchini => zucchinis | zucchini # Vehicles that don't inflect... *craft => *craft # Other imports that don't inflect... intichiuma => intichiuma paha => paha ri => ri samurai => samurai soshi => soshi # Individuals of nationalities end in "-ese" that don't inflect... Achinese => Achinese Alfurese => Alfurese Amboinese => Amboinese Americanese => Americanese Amoyese => Amoyese Amoyese => Amoyese Andamanese => Andamanese Angolese => Angolese Annamese => Annamese Aragonese => Aragonese Arakanese => Arakanese Assamese => Assamese Avignonese => Avignonese Azerbaijanese => Azerbaijanese Balinese => Balinese Bengalese => Bengalese Bernese => Bernese Bhutanese => Bhutanese Bolognese => Bolognese Borghese => Borghese Borghese => Borghese Bostonese => Bostonese Buginese => Buginese Burmese => Burmese Calabrese => Calabrese Camaldolese => Camaldolese Cantonese => Cantonese Carlylese => Carlylese Cassinese => Cassinese Celanese => Celanese Ceylonese => Ceylonese Chinese => Chinese Congoese => Congoese Congoese => Congoese Congolese => Congolese Dongolese => Dongolese Faroese => Faroese Faroese => Faroese Ferrarese => Ferrarese Foochowese => Foochowese Foochowese => Foochowese Gabunese => Gabunese Genevese => Genevese Genevese => Genevese Genoese => Genoese Genoese => Genoese Gilbertese => Gilbertese Gilbertese => Gilbertese Goanese => Goanese Guianese => Guianese Hainanese => Hainanese Hararese => Hararese Harlemese => Harlemese Havanese => Havanese Heavenese => Heavenese Hoosierese => Hoosierese Hottentotese => Hottentotese Hottentotese => Hottentotese Hunanese => Hunanese Indochinese => Indochinese Japanese => Japanese Javanese => Javanese Johnsonese => Johnsonese Kanarese => Kanarese Kiplingese => Kiplingese Kiplingese => Kiplingese Kongoese => Kongoese Kongoese => Kongoese Kongolese => Kongolese Lapponese => Lapponese Lebanese => Lebanese Leonese => Leonese Londonese => Londonese Lorrainese => Lorrainese Lucchese => Lucchese Lucchese => Lucchese Lyonese => Lyonese Macanese => Macanese Macassarese => Macassarese Madurese => Madurese Malabarese => Malabarese Maltese => Maltese Maltese => Maltese Messinese => Messinese Milanese => Milanese Modenese => Modenese Muranese => Muranese Nankingese => Nankingese Nankingese => Nankingese Navarrese => Navarrese Nepalese => Nepalese Niasese => Niasese Niasese => Niasese Nicobarese => Nicobarese Nipponese => Nipponese Parmese => Parmese Pekingese => Pekingese Pekingese => Pekingese Piedmontese => Piedmontese Piedmontese => Piedmontese Pistoiese => Pistoiese Pistoiese => Pistoiese Polonese => Polonese Portuguese => Portuguese Portuguese => Portuguese Romagnese => Romagnese Romanese => Romanese Sangirese => Sangirese Sarawakese => Sarawakese Sarawakese => Sarawakese Senegalese => Senegalese Shavese => Shavese Shavese => Shavese Shawanese => Shawanese Siamese => Siamese Sienese => Sienese Sikkimese => Sikkimese Singhalese => Singhalese Sinhalese => Sinhalese Sogdianese => Sogdianese Sudanese => Sudanese Sundanese => Sundanese Swahilese => Swahilese Tenggerese => Tenggerese Timorese => Timorese Tirolese => Tirolese Tocharese => Tocharese Tonkinese => Tonkinese Torinese => Torinese Tyrolese => Tyrolese Vermontese => Vermontese Vermontese => Vermontese Veronese => Veronese Viennese => Viennese Vietnamese => Vietnamese Wenchowese => Wenchowese Wenchowese => Wenchowese Whitmanese => Whitmanese Yengeese => Yengeese Yunnanese => Yunnanese # Singular words (mainly Latin and Greek imports) ending in "-s" that inflect to "-ses" (instead of "-sses")... abacus => abacuses abortus => abortuses acropolis => acropolises aegis => aegises alias => aliases asbestos => asbestoses bathos => bathoses bias => biases bolus => boluses bronchitis => bronchitises bursitis => bursitises caddis => caddises callus => calluses cannabis => cannabises canvas => canvases chaos => chaoses chorus => choruses cosmos => cosmoses dais => daises digitalis => digitalises epidermis => epidermises ethos => ethoses eyas => eyases flatus => flatuses gas => gases glottis => glottises hubris => hubrises ibis => ibises lens => lenses linctus => linctuses mantis => mantises marquis => marquises metropolis => metropolises moaks => moakses pathos => pathoses polis => polises sassafras => sassafrases trellis => trellises # Greek words ending in '-ipses' that inflect to '-eipses' paralipsis => paraleipses # Miscellaneous uncategorized imported words with native inflexions... # (Some of these should probably be under earlier classifications. Patches welcome!) aelf => aelfe agrogorod => agrogoroda braccio => braccia capataz => capataces chapplis => chapplies competent => competentes cornu => cornua crus => crura denkmal => denkmaler espanol => espanoles ex => exes felsenmeer => felsenmeere gmina => gminy gousblom => gousblomme guy => guys heft => hefte hoti => hoties hsien => heen interleaf => leaves interrex => interreges juelet => iueles kletterschuh => kletterschuhe krona => kronor lied => lieder macaroni => macaronies matin => matins mezuza => mezuzoth mezuzah => mezuzoth minnelied => minnelieder nachtlokal => nachtlokale nebenkern => nebenkerne ninja => ninjas | shinobi nockerl => nockerln ogle => oglys orthoceras => orthocerata pectus => pectora pillie => pilleis poblador => pobladores promerops => promeropes puttony => puttonys radiale => radialia reich => reiche rejoneador => rejoneadores rete => retia rezident => rezidenty rype => ryper sachverhalt => sachverhalte sceat => sceattas sedile => sedilia seecatch => seecatchie senex => senes sezession => sezessionen shomer => shomrim snekkja => snekkjur sol => soles sphex => spheges stirps => stirpes thos => thoes toril => toriles tuber => tuberes vas => vasa vis => vires voorbok => voorbokke vorspiel => vorspiele wanderjahr => wanderjahre wandervogel => wandervogel yuo => yuon zeitgeber => zeitgebers # Miscellaneous (mostly imported) words with classical native inflections... # (Some of these should probably be under earlier classifications. Patches welcome!) alguacil => alguacils | alguaciles amphipneust => amphipneusts | amphipneusta antefix => antifixes | antefixa bechuana => bechuanas | bechuana bhikshu => bhikshus | bhikshook bierstube => bierstubes | bierstuben bratwurst => bratwursts | bratwurste bylina => bylinas | byliny cabaletta => cabalettas | cabalette corgi => corgis | corgwn corgy => corgys | corgwn cremaster => cremasters | cremasteres cyclops => cyclopses | cyclopes dreikanter => dreikanters | dreikanter dumka => dumkas | dumky feis => fess | feiseanna fly => flies | flys frenum => frena | fraena galla => gallas | galla geisha => geishas | geisha intercalarium => intercalaria | intercalare iter => iters | itinera kar => kars | kare karakia => karakias | karakia karrenfeld => karrenfelds | karrenfelder kioko => kiokos | kioko lacunar => lacunars | lacunaria lar => lars | lares logodaedalus => logodaedali | logodaedale maar => maars | maare mukim => mukims | mukim nenets => nentsi | nentsy nymphaeum => nymphea | nymphaea nympheum => nymphea | nymphaea pangasinan => pangasinans | pangasinanes pinon => pinons | pinones pipkrake => pipkrakes | pipkraker plethron => plethra | plether prytanis => prytanes | prytan purum => purums | purum pyrites => pyritae | pirrites raggare => raggares | raggare regidor => regidors | regidores remous => remous | remou rimon => rimonim | rimmonim salita => salitas | salite sandr => sandrs | sandr scazon => scazontes | scazons sephardi => sephardim | sephardin serir => serirs | serir shauri => shauris | shauries shawabti => shawabtis | shawabtiu silbador => silbadors | silbadores sinfonia => sinfonias | sinfonie solidus => solidi | solidos sotch => sotches | sotchs souvlaki => souvlakis | souvlakia sphaeridium => sphaeridia | sphaerideum starover => starovers | starovery stomodaeum => stomodea | stomodaea stromodeum => stromodea | stromodaea tetanothrum => tetanothra | tetanother tsuba => tsubas | tsuba tsubo => tsubos | tsubo vaalpens => vaalpens | vaalpensen varella => varellaes | varely veduta => vedutas | vedute wadi => wadies | wadis wady => wadies | wadys zemirah => zemiroth | zemirot zita => ziti | zite # Proper nouns whose owners said they should be pluralized differently prius => priuses | prii # Not technically correct, but occasionally used. prius => | priora # "General" as a noun (as opposed to a postfix adjective)... adjutant general => adjutant generals brigadier general => brigadier generals lieutenant general => lieutenant generals major general => major generals -star general => -star generals # Compound postfix forms require recursive inflection of the core noun(s)... # ['(SING)-general' is non-indicative because it includes the above '-star general' form] # SING-PREP forms where prep is pluralized, not singular put-(SING) => put-(PL) kick-(SING) => kick-(PL) hold-(SING) => hold-(PL) power-(SING) => power-(PL) # E.g. Consul General --> Consuls General (SING)-general => (PL)-general # E.g. son-of-a-gun --> sons-of-guns son-of-a-(SING) => sons-of-(PL) # E.g. mother-in-law --> mothers-in-law (SING)-(PREP)-* => (PL)-(PREP)-* # E.g. of him --> of them (PREP)-(SING) => (PREP)-(PL) # E.g. knight-errant --> knights-errant (SING)-errant => (PL)-errant # E.g. passer-by --> passers-by (SING)-(PREP) => (PL)-(PREP) # E.g Frankenstein complex --> Frankenstein complexes *-(SING) => *-(PL) # Pronouns in the nominative... I => we you => you they => they she => they he => they it => they this => these that => those one => some # Pronouns in the accusative... me => us you => you them => them her => them him => them # Pronouns in the reflexive... myself => ourselves yourself => yourselves themself => themselves herself => themselves himself => themselves itself => themselves # Pronouns in the possessive... mine => ours yours => yours theirs => theirs hers => theirs his => theirs its => theirs # Standard patterns of inflection for other nouns (in increasing order of generality)... -tto => -tti -ao => -aos | -eo => -eos | -io => -ios | -oo => -oos | -uo => -uos | -alf => | -alves -elf => | -elves -olf => | -olves -anx => -anxes | -anges -inx => -inxes | -inges -ynx => -ynxes | -ynges -arf => | -arves -ceps => -ceps | -cepses -ch => -ches | -sh => -shes | -eaf => -eaves | -eau => -eaus | -eaux -ieu => -ieus | -ieux -nife => -nives | -oe => -oes | -o => -oes | -quy => -quies | -ay => -ays | -ey => -eys | -iy => -iys | -oy => -oys | -uy => -uys | -ss => -sses | -sis => | -ses #-[^s]sis => | -[^s]ses -trix => -trixes | -trices -us => -uses | -ex => -xes | -ices -x => -xes | -y => -ies | -z => -zzes | -zoon => | -zoa